Jewish Marriage Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish Marriage Ceremony - Essay Example The Temple Executive Director handles a broad range of details and logistics. The director is well placed to offer answers to numerous questions in relation to the planning of the wedding ceremony. Further, the temple is also used as a wedding ceremony. Besides the temple, Jewish wedding ceremonies occur in other settings, such as hotels, gardens, and restaurants (Ahabah 4). Before the couples settle for a location outside the synagogue, they are required to consult with the Rabbi to be sure whether it would be suitable for them to travel to that place. According to Jewish customary laws, the Rabbi of the congregation where the wedding ceremony is taking place to officiate at the marriage ceremony. However, at Beth Ahabah, this procedure is a matter of policy (Ahabah 4). The couples are allowed to choose a different Rabbi to officiate for their marriage ceremony even though he is not affiliated with the location congregation. Before the actual marriage ceremony takes place, the bride and groom are required to discuss with the Rabbi many of the details surrounding the ceremony itself. Additionally, most of the families arrange rehearsal ceremonies to practice the recessional, professional, and the placement of people on the Bimah. Typically, a wedding florist, consultant, or photographer conducts the rehearsal. During the rehearsal ceremony, the Rabbi is not expected to attend. The rehearsal ceremonies are normally scheduled with the executive director and if they are held on Fridays, they must be conducted before 6 pm.

COMPANY LAW 402 ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPANY LAW 402 - Assignment Example We instituted legal research into this matter with a view of determining the suitability and legality of starting a Picture Framing business in Australia. We believe this goes towards the very crux of your matter. Further, we would like to state that our services can only be of a legal nature on this matter. It is your duty to seek out qualified professionals who will assess the proposed business venture while looking at its location and profitability in order to determine whether it will be a going concern. Due Diligence It would be remise of our duty as consultants if we did not advice you that it is your duty look into the financial and commercial aspects of this business venture. This is because a business wherever it is instituted needs to have a strong financial basis that will see its survival and development. This should be done so as to avoid a situation where you have overlooked the financial aspects of this venture. That would be catastrophic. You should undertake this res earch through professional help. Ownership Before starting on any business, you need to determine whether or not the company structure is right for the particular company, decide what name the company is to assume, its mode of operation, the legal obligations that are assumed by the company, getting the requisite consents and finally registering the company (Commission). As discussed with you a summary of the proposed corporate structure has been prepared. It should be reviewed carefully and approved by your accountant. Australian Law provides for the structuring of any business in four ways. 1. Sole trader: an individual trading on their own 2. Partnership: an association of people or entities carrying on a business together, but not as a company 3. Trust: an entity that holds property or income for the benefit of others 4. Company: a legal entity separate from its shareholders. Sole Trader Looking at the business of a sole trader, one realizes that the same is entered into by one owner. This owner gets the benefit of directly transacting with his clientele thereby creating a trust as between the business and the clientele. The tax obligations related to this business are subject to the personal rates of the business (Government). The only major disadvantage of this enterprise is that the owner is personally liable for the business liabilities of the company. This opens up the owner to lawsuits that are consequent from the company as the company is not a separate legal entity. A sole trader cannot also share the burden of management and costs with any other person (Lawyers). In relation to the Picture Framing business, you both want to be co-owners of the enterprise. This in effect renders this business structure nugatory as far as your proposed enterprise is concerned. Trust The other business enterprise that is provided for in Australia is in the nature of a Trust. A Trust is defined to be a business where the trustee conducts business for the benefit of ce rtain beneficiaries. This in effect means that at all times the trustee can only conduct business that is in the interest of the beneficiaries. The advantages of Trusts are that it minimizes the tax that is levied on the business as the income from the business can be directed at the beneficiary with the lowest income thereby

The Facts and History Of Community Policing

The Facts and History Of Community Policing Community policing is a philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes of crime to reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and community police partnerships. The history of policing started it all. There was an old saying that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it (Jeffrey Patterson). There are many officers who believe that the history of police work began the day they first put on their badge and their gun belt. With this thought in mind, each movement in law enforcement seems to be something new, without historical context. To better understand how community policing work today law enforcement administrators should study their history very closely. Our problems today are very serious, but its nothing new. Throughout my paper will be a lot of info on this. History of Community Policing The history of modern law enforcement began 166 years ago with the formation of the London Metropolitan Police District in 1829. By creating this new police force, the British Parliament hoped to decrease the soaring crime rate in and around the nations capital. The principles adopted by Sir Robert Peel, the first chief of the London Metropolitan Police served as the traditional model for all British and American police forces ever since. These principles include the use of crime rates to determine the effectiveness of the police; the importance of a centrally located, publicly accessible police headquarters; and the value of proper recruitment, selection, and training. The best innovation introduced was the establishment of regular patrol areas, known as beats. Before 1829, the police only responded after a crime had been reported. Patrols occurred on occasions, and any crime deterrence or apprehension of criminals in the act of committing crimes happened almost by accident this how bad police response was. However Peel assigned his Bobbies to specific geographic zones and he held them responsible for preventing and suppressing crime within the boundaries of their zones. He based this strategy on his belief that the constables would: Become known to the public, and citizens with information about criminal activity and would be more likely to tell a familiar figure than a stranger, that they would become familiar with people and places and would be able to recognize suspicious persons or criminal activity, and they would be highly visible on their posts, tending to stop criminals from committing crimes in their neighborhood. To fully implement his beat concept, Sir Robert Peel instituted his second innovation: The Paramilitary Command Structure. Peel believed that overall civilian control was essential, he also believed that only military discipline would ensure that constables actually walked their beats and enforced the law on Londons high crime rate streets, something their watchmen, had failed to do. Things were different in early American Policing. American policing developed along the same lines of the London police. Most major U.S. cities had established municipal police departments by the time of the Civil War. Like the London police force, these departments adopted a paramilitary structure; officers wore blue uniforms and walked assigned beats. However, unlike the Bobbies, American officers carried guns and were under control of the command of politically appointed local precinct captains. The British quickly embraced the Bobbies as one of their most beloved national symbols; however Americans looked at their police in much lower esteem. By the turn of the century, the progressive movement began to promote professionalism in law enforcement as one of the basic components of rehabilitating municipal politics. Concern about corruption and brutality in local police forces caused the State to takeover some city departments and this led to the creation of new State police organizations removed from the corrupting influences of local ward politics. Reformers try to stop the police from political interference while retaining local government control. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), which was founded in 1893, immediately called for the adoption of a civil service personnel system and the centralization of authority in strong executive positions, which could control the precinct captains. Building codes, secured housing for the homeless, built and supervised playgrounds for children, and they also found jobs for ex-convicts. Reformers believed that these duties provided too many opportunities for political favoritism and used too many resources that could be better spent fighting crime. They requested the police to give up social work and concentrate on law enforcement more. I personally think these things were good ideas and that it gave so many people the opportunity to better themselves after their mistakes. The real driving force was technology including the forensic sciences of ballistics, chemistry, and fingerprinting, but mostly the automobile, the telephone, and the radio. The radio equipped patrol car allowed officers to respond to calls for service received by the police switchboard. At the same time, it took officers off the sidewalk and put them on the street, racing from incident to incident observing the crowd only from a distance. There were some unintended consequences because agencies became divided between the old-timers and college-educated officers. Demands for efficiency, objectivity, and autonomy led to detached, impersonal attitudes toward the community and resistance to any direction from elected political leaders. Critics questioned whether professionalism really was being practiced at the local level. Police departments installed civil service merit systems for hiring and promotion. They adopted a general code of ethics and formed a professional association. They supported their practices through knowledge based on experience. But these local law enforcement agencies did not conduct a true scientific research, nor did they require a college degree to work in the field. In 1962, the San Francisco Police Department established a specialized unit based on the concept that police would help reduce crime by reducing despair and by acting as a social service agency to change some of the difficulties encountered by minorities. Members were not sure what methods they should apply to serving the minority population. The unit also faced the dilemma of how to maintain its identity as a police organization and at the same time win the confidence of the minority group populationwho were usually considered a police problem. Eventually, the relationship of trust between the police unit and the community led to many formal complaints of misconduct against some police officers, sealing the units alienation from the mainstream of the department. The program soon perished and it changed the environment they helped to create. In the 1970s, a new strategy came up-team policing. The advocates of team policing recognized that in the past years, due to changes in the social climate and to changes in police patrol techniques (more patrol cars, less foot patrol), many police agencies isolated themselves from the community. This isolation makes crime control more difficult. The team policing concept assigned responsibility for a certain geographic area to a team of police officers who would learn the neighborhood, its people, and its problems sort of like the old cop on the beat. But because authority would not be concentrating on one person, the team policing model posed less danger of corruption. Different American cities tried different forms of team policing, but none of them ever got beyond the limited pilot-project stage, and all eventually fell by the wayside. The main reason for team policing failure rested with its contradiction of the basic tenets of professionalism. It placed more emphasis on long-term problem solving than on rapid response to incidents, making performance measurements difficult, it also crossed functional lines of authority, violating the chain of command and trespassing on the turf of detectives and other specialized units. Like team policing, community policing is rooted in the belief that the traditional officer on the beat will bring the police and the public closer together. It also maintains the professional models support for education and research. Instead of responding to emergency calls and arresting criminals, community policing officers devote their time doing social work, working independently and creating solutions to the problems on their beats. They make extensive personal contacts, both inside and outside their agencies. All of ties into the police culture that values crime fighting, standard operating procedures, and a paramilitary chain of command. There were many mistakes of the past: lack of planning, mission ambiguity, and limited implementation, and personal evaluation, lack of efficiency, potential corruption, and problems of evaluation. In my conclusion the history of community policing should be studied by our officers today, because it can help and change a few things that are going on, better yet diffuse some problems, because the history of police work does not began the day an officer first puts on his/her gun belt.

Standardized Tests Are Ineffective Essay -- High-Stakes Standardized Te

Standardized tests are unnecessary because they are excruciating to the minds of many innocent students. Each year, the tests get tougher and stricter until the students cannot process their own thoughts. The tests become torturous to the minds of those only starting in the world of tests. The students already battling in the war are continuing to fall deeper and deeper into the world of uncreativity and narrowness. As the walls narrow in on them, they are lost and unable to become innovative thinkers. Moreover, the implementation of standardized tests into the public school systems of the United States of America has controversially raised two different views –the proponents versus the opponents in the battle of the effectiveness of standardized tests. Standardized tests require all test takers to answer the same questions; the tests are also scored in a standard manner. Thus, the education system believes that it is fair for everybody to take the same test because it is pre paring students for college learning. In reality, intelligence cannot solely be determined by a test score; therefore, standardized tests are ineffective in encouraging learning in educational environments for three reasons: they are stressful, discriminatory, and uncreative. Throughout the history of standardized testing in the United States of America, citizens have viewed the test as an effective tool to build a society on excellence and success. Furthermore, standardized tests have developed and spread in various public schools as an unproblematic way to test a large amount of students quickly. Educators use test scores to evaluate student performance, teacher proficiency, and school effectiveness. However, standardized tests are not the best way to te... ...ningful projects that can be used in real life. Works Cited Fletcher, Dan. â€Å"Standardized Testing.† Times. Times, 11 Dec. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. Popham, James. â€Å"Why Standardized Tests Don’t Measure Educational Quality.† Journal of Educational Leadership 56.6 (1999): 8-15. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. Rooks, Noliwe M. â€Å"Why It’s Time to Get Rid Of Standardized Tests.† Times. Times, 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. Sarason, Irwin G. â€Å"Stress, Anxiety, and Cognitive Interference: Reactions to Tests.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46.4 (1984): 929-38. PsycARTICLES. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. Schmidt, Peter. â€Å"Sunday Dialogue: Too Tethered to Tests?† New York Times. New York Times, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. Strauss, Valerie. â€Å"Have Standardized Tests Really Helped Kids Learn More?† Washington Post. Washington Post, 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

Effects of Diabetes

Diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar for energy. The main types of diabetes include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. A person with uncontrolled diabetes can run into a lot of problems later in life. If not controlled, diabetes can put you at risk for a multitude of complications that can affect nearly every organ in the body. These organs may include, the heart and blood vessels, the eyes, the kidneys, the nerve endings, and also the gums and teeth. Later in life a woman with uncontrolled diabetes can also face problems in her pregnancy.A person living with diabetes has a normal life for the most part, if they maintain a healthy diet and keep their diabetes under controlled, however, if it is not controlled it may lead to high risks complications, for example losing a toe, or even their eyesight. I have been a diabetic for half of my life, since the age of 12 years old. It takes a lot of hard work and dedication for one to control their di abetes, but once it is in control, you can live a very normal life! Diabetes is a disease that affects the body's use and production of insulin.Insulin is important because it is used to move sugar or glucose through the bloodstream to many cells that need it for best possible function in our body. In someone dealing with diabetes, the sugar in their bloodstream is not being used, which then results in high blood sugar levels. With proper management and control of the disease, many of the diabetic complications people can face can be avoided or their complications less harmful. In uncontrolled diabetes, the complications or effects of diabetes can be far reaching, dangerous and quite devastating.There already is an increased risk for heart disease even for one whose diabetes is under control, but it is more for someone whose diabetes is not properly controlled with medications, dietary changes or the right doctor supervision. This type of uncontrolled diabetes can lead to damage of various blood vessels, cause hypertension and increase the amounts of cholesterol in the bloodstream, all of which puts one at greater risk for stroke and heart attack. Heart disease and blood vessel disease are the biggest complications that people with uncontrolled diabetes face.Approximately 65% of death from diabetes is due to heart disease and stroke. Diabetes can also cause poor blood flow in the legs and feet also known as peripheral artery disease. Many studies show that controlling diabetes can prevent or stop the progression of heart and blood vessel disease. Blood vessel damage or nerve damage can also lead to foot problems that can lead to amputations. Most of leg and foot amputations not related to an injury are due to patients whom do not have their diabetes under control. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the U. S.Uncontrolled diabetes can cause a number of eye problems, some of which can lead to blindness if not treated properly and taken care of immediat ely. Some eye disorders caused by uncontrolled diabetes include: Glaucoma, Cataracts, and also Diabetic Retinopathy. My cousin is an eye doctor and she always stresses to me how important it is for me to get my eyes checked yearly. She has said that studies show that having a regular eye exam, and your eyes dilated, along with timely treatment of diabetes-related eye problems could prevent up to 90% of blindness related to diabetes.Along with blindness, diabetes is also known to be the leading cause of kidney failure in adults in the U. S. Drugs than drugs that lower blood pressure, even if you don't have high blood pressure. Over time, high blood sugar levels can harm the nerves. This can lead to loss of sensation or feeling which usually starts in the toes or pain and a burning sensation of the feet. Diabetes related nerve damage can also cause pain in the legs, arms, and hands, and can cause problems with digestion, going to the bathroom, or even having sex. People with diabetes are at high risk for gum disease.Keeping your diabetes under control, seeing your dentist regularly, and taking good daily care of your teeth can prevent gum disease and tooth loss. In a patient dealing with uncontrolled diabetes during or before pregnancy, many complications could arise. These might include miscarriages, birth defects or extremely large babies that could result in a difficult vaginal delivery or emergency cesarean section. When my mom was pregnant with me she had gestational diabetes and when I was delivered, she had to have a c-section, because I was 10 lbs!To control your diabetes take time and effort, but it is possible! No two people's diabetes is quite the same. This is due to the endless varieties of responses and treatments; the management of one’s diabetes depends mainly on individualized plans. Meal and exercise plans are very important in the treatment of all kinds of diabetes. These plans help control weight, blood sugars levels, and help reduce t he chances of needing additional medications. A healthy diet should include avoiding sugar, eating low fat and high fiber foods.Meals should be eaten regularly and at least three times a day to control blood sugar levels. The exercise for diabetics, help maintain muscle tone and physical fitness, it also helps to increase feeling to medications by making the blood circulate to all areas of the body and to lower blood sugar levels. As a diabetic if you do not follow these simple precautions and take your medications, you are setting yourself up for failure! Eating right and exercise helps a lot, and as a diabetic I can sure vouch for it!In conclusion, diabetes is a very serious disease that attacks millions of people around the world. It can strike at any age and can happen to anyone. The best way to manage your diabetes is to lose weight, and to maintain a good exercise program and a healthy eating plan. If a healthy diet is not kept up, then life-threatening complications may arise . If a diabetic takes care of themselves by exercising and eating right, then their life can be just as happy as anyone else’s.

Illegal Logging a Major Factor in Flood Devastation of Philippines Essay

Decades of illegal logging, unusually high rainfall and geography have all contributed to the devastation wrought by storms that have lashed the Philippines, the government and environmentalists say. With hundreds dead or missing in floods and landslides in Quezon, Nueva Ecija and Aurora provinces, blame has fallen on illegal loggers who have stripped hillsides bare and turned lush green forests into death traps. Geography has played its part too. The Philippine archipelago of some 7,000 islands sits astride Southeast Asia’s typhoon belt and is usually the first country to be hit by typhoons from the Pacific Ocean. Infanta, one of the hardest-hit areas, is usually the first port of call for an average of 19 typhoons and tropical storms that hit the Philippines every year, said chief government weather forecaster Prisco Nilo. He said the latest storm was the 25th to veer into the Philippines this year, making it an exceptional year. Government hydrologist Richard Orendain said although the residents of Infanta and nearby Real and General Nakar are used to typhoons, what they probably failed to anticipate was the consequences of the amount of rainfall that fell on the region over the past week. Orendain told AFP that in one 24-hour period on Sunday some 144 millimeters (4. 3 fluid ounces) of rain fell over the region. The monthly average for November is 611 millimeters. â€Å"Even though it was not a strong typhoon, the destructive impact was magnified by the amount of rain that fell over the area,† he said. â€Å"We can’t really say whether illegal logging was the main cause, though it may have contributed to it. † Orendain said the ground water table had â€Å"probably reached saturation point† noting that the area was hard hit by another storm just a week earlier. So the water had no where to go,† he said. With many in the government blaming illegal logging for the current disaster, President Gloria Arroyo ordered a nationwide crackdown. â€Å"Illegal logging must now be placed in the order of most serious crimes against our people,† Arroyo said in a statement Wednesday. â€Å"The series of landslides and flashfloods that hit several parts of the country should serve as a wake up call for us to join hands in preserving our environment and stepping up reforestation. â€Å" Senator Richard Gordon has called for an investigation into the disaster. â€Å"For years the the department of environment and natural resources has failed to go after the illegal loggers operating in many parts of the country,† he told reporters Tuesday. Vice President Noli de Castro said the country had still not learned the lessons from landslides and flooding in 1991 on the island of Leyte which left thousands dead. â€Å"Illegal logging was found to be the main contributor to that disaster,† de Castro said. Forest economist Lourdes Catindig, of the government’s natural resources and environment department, told AFP the southern Sierra Madre, which runs through the eastern section of the main island of Luzon, still has some forest cover left. â€Å"We issued a logging moratorium in the area in the 1970s,† she said. In the last decade, the Philippines has suffered severely from natural disasters. In 1990, central Luzon was hit by both a drought and a typhoon that flooded practically all of Manila. Still more damaging was an earthquake in 1990 that devastated a wide area in Luzon, including Baguio and other northern areas. The archipelago also straddles the so-called Pacific rim of fire and is home to some 200 volcanoes of which 17 are still active. In June 1991, the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century took place at Mount Pinatubo, just 90 kilometers (55 miles) northwest of Manila. Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 made homeless following the eruptions.